고구려
The nature and history of the kingdom of Goguryeo has been a subject of contention between Korean and Chinese scholars for decades and remains a controversial and somewhat sensitive subject, particularly with the theoretical ethnic character of the Balhae kingdom, which was formed by remnants of Goguryeo after the kingdom of Shilla unified the peninsula at the end of the Samguk Period. Goguryeo's relationship with Chinese civilization from the Han to Tang Dynasties also is something that remains a subject of debate among nationalists. Outsiders and Western scholars do, however, regard Goguryeo as a "Korean" kingdom that is very much a part o the history of Korean civilization. Also, ancient historical records such as the Samguk Sagi have posited the history of Goguryeo as being very much a part of the history of the development of Korean civilization.
There is no disagreement, however, that Goguryeo was indeed heavily influenced by its Chinese neighbor. Being the closest to the Chinese empire, Chinese culture flowed into Goguryeo thorughout its history from its formation in 37 BCE to its fall in 668 CE. Goguryeo was also the first of the Korean kingdoms to adopt Buddhism, which saw a major rise in popularity in continental East Asia.
Goguryeo was the largest of the three kingdoms and for over six hundred years it survived numerous assaults from not only its rivals, Shilla and Baekje, but also from the Chinese Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties.
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